fmd(1M), is responsible for dispatching in-bound error telemetry events to the appropriate diagnosis engines. The diagnosis engine is responsible for identifying the underlying hardware faults or software defects that are producing the error symptoms. Thefmd(1M) daemon is the Solaris OS implementation of a fault manager. It starts at boot time and loads all of the diagnosis engines and agents available on the system. The Solaris Fault Manager also provides interfaces for system administrators and service personnel to observe fault management activity.
Diagnosis, Suspect Lists, and Fault Events
Once a diagnosis has been made, the diagnosis is output in the form of a list.suspect event. A list.suspect event is an event comprised of one or more possible fault or defect events. Sometimes the diagnosis cannot narrow the cause of errors to a single fault or defect. For example, the underlying problem might be a broken wire connecting controllers to the main system bus. The problem might be with a component on the bus or with the bus itself. In this specific case, the list.suspect event will contain multiple fault events: one for each controller attached to the bus, and one for the bus itself.
In addition to describing the fault that was diagnosed, a fault event also contains four payload members for which the diagnosis is applicable.
The resource is the component that was diagnosed as faulty. The
fmdump(1M) command shows this payload member as "Problem in."The Automated System Recovery Unit (ASRU) is the hardware or software component that must be disabled to prevent further error symptoms from occurring. The
fmdump(1M) command shows this payload member as “Affects.”The Field Replaceable Unit (FRU) is the component that must be replaced or repaired to fix the underlying problem.
The Label payload is a string that gives the location of the FRU in the same form as it is printed on the chassis or motherboard, for example next to a DIMM slot or PCI card slot. The
fmdumpcommand shows this payload member as “Location.”
For example, after receiving a certain number of ECC correctable errors in a given amount of time for a particular memory location, the CPU and memory diagnosis engine issues a diagnosis (list.suspect event) for a faulty DIMM.
# fmdump -v -u 38bd6f1b-a4de-4c21-db4e-ccd26fa8573c TIME UUID SUNW-MSG-ID Oct 31 13:40:18.1864 38bd6f1b-a4de-4c21-db4e-ccd26fa8573c AMD-8000-8L 100% fault.cpu.amd.icachetag Problem in: hc:///motherboard=0/chip=0/cpu=0 Affects: cpu:///cpuid=0 FRU: hc:///motherboard=0/chip=0 Location: SLOT 2
In this example, fmd(1M) has identified a problem in a resource, specifically a CPU (hc:///motherboard=0/chip=0/cpu=0). To suppress further error symptoms and to prevent an uncorrectable error from occurring, an ASRU, (cpu:///cpuid=0), is identified for retirement. The component that needs to be replaced is the FRU (hc:///motherboard=0/chip=0).
Response Agents
An agent is a software component that takes action in response to a diagnosis or repair. For example, the CPU and memory retire agent is designed to act on list.suspects that contain a fault.cpu.* event. The cpumem-retire agent will attempt to off-line a CPU or retire a physical memory page from service. If the agent is successful, an entry in the fault manager's ASRU cache is added for the page or CPU that was successfully retired. The fmadm(1M)utility, as shown in the example below, shows an entry for a memory rank that has been diagnosed as having a fault. ASRUs that the system does not have the ability to off-line, retire, or disable, will also have an entry in the ASRU cache, but they will be seen as degraded. Degraded means the resource associated with the ASRU is faulty, but the ASRU is unable to be removed from service. Currently Solaris agent software cannot act upon I/O ASRUs (device instances). All faulty I/O resource entries in the cache are in the degraded state.
# fmadm faulty
STATE RESOURCE / UUID
-------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
degraded mem:///motherboard=0/chip=1/memory-controller=0/dimm=3/rank=0
ccae89df-2217-4f5c-add4-d920f78b4faf
-------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
The primary purpose of a retire agent is to isolate (safely remove from service) the piece of hardware or software that has been diagnosed as faulty.
Agents can also take other important actions such as the following actions:
Send alerts via SNMP traps. This can translate a diagnosis into an alert for SNMP that plugs into existing software mechanisms.
Post a syslog message. Message specific diagnoses (for example, syslog message agent) can take the result of a diagnosis and translate it into a syslog message that administrators can use to take a specific action.
Other agent actions such as update the FRUID. Response agents can be platform-specific.
Message IDs and Dictionary Files
The syslog message agent takes the output of the diagnosis (the list.suspect event) and writes specific messages to the console or /var/adm/messages. Often console messages can be difficult to understand. FMA remedies this problem by providing a defined fault message structure that is generated every time a list.suspect event is delivered to a syslog message.
The syslog agent generates a message identifier (MSG ID). The event registry generates dictionary files (.dict files) that map a list.suspect event to a structured message identifier that should be used to identify and view the associated knowledge article. Message files, (.po files) map the message ID to localized messages for every possible list of suspected faults that the diagnosis engine can generate. The following is an example of a fault message emitted on a test system.
SUNW-MSG-ID: AMD-8000-7U, TYPE: Fault, VER: 1, SEVERITY: Major EVENT-TIME: Fri Jul 28 04:26:51 PDT 2006 PLATFORM: Sun Fire V40z, CSN: XG051535088, HOSTNAME: parity SOURCE: eft, REV: 1.16 EVENT-ID: add96f65-5473-69e6-dbe1-8b3d00d5c47b DESC: The number of errors associated with this CPU has exceeded acceptable levels. Refer to https://sun.com/msg/AMD-8000-7U for more information. AUTO-RESPONSE: An attempt will be made to remove this CPU from service. IMPACT: Performance of this system may be affected. REC-ACTION: Schedule a repair procedure to replace the affected CPU. Use fmdump -v -u <EVENT_ID> to identify the module.
System Topology
To identify where a fault might have occurred, diagnosis engines need to have the topology for a given software or hardware system represented. The fmd(1M)daemon provides diagnosis engines with a handle to a topology snapshot that can be used during diagnosis. Topology information is used to represent the resource, ASRU, and FRU found in each fault event. The topology can also be used to store the platform label, FRUID, and serial number identification.
The resource payload member in the fault event is always represented by the physical path location from the platform chassis outward. For example, a PCI controller function that is bridged from the main system bus to a PCI local bus is represented by its hc scheme path name:
hc:///motherboard=0/hostbridge=1/pcibus=0/pcidev=13/pcifn=0
The ASRU payload member in the fault event is typically represented by the Solaris device tree instance name that is bound to a hardware controller, device, or function. FMA uses the dev scheme to represent the ASRU in its native format for actions that might be taken by a future implementation of a retire agent specifically designed for I/O devices:
dev:////pci@1e,600000/ide@d
The FRU payload representation in the fault event varies depending on the closest replaceable component to the I/O resource that has been diagnosed as faulty. For example, a fault event for a broken embedded PCI controller might name the motherboard of the system as the FRU that needs to be replaced:
hc:///motherboard=0
The label payload is a string that gives the location of the FRU in the same form as it is printed on the chassis or motherboard, for example next to a DIMM slot or PCI card slot:
Label: SLOT 2